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- WORLD, Page 54JAPANA Return to Arms?
-
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- The Diet launches a contentious debate on whether to send
- military forces abroad for the first time since World War II
-
- By BARRY HILLENBRAND/TOKYO
-
-
- At first glance, the legislation under discussion in the
- Diet last week seemed innocuous enough. The bill before the
- house called for the creation of a "United Nations Peace
- Cooperation Corps" that could be sent overseas in response to
- resolutions by the world organization. That notion appeared
- unexceptionable, since Japan has long been a strong advocate
- of the U.N.; yet the bill generated a furious debate. The
- reason: the proposed law would allow the Prime Minister to
- dispatch units of the armed forces to foreign soil for the
- first time since 1945.
-
- No issues in Japan are as controversial, or as emotional,
- as those affecting the military. The country's "peace
- constitution" specifically renounces not only warfare but also
- the "use of force as a means of settling international
- disputes." Opinion polls show that there is enduring support
- for this constitutional proscription. Thus any attempt to
- tamper with so broad a consensus was bound to cause trouble.
-
- In response, Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu and his colleagues
- in the ruling Liberal Democratic Party rushed to soothe the
- country's concern. Ignoring catcalls and jeers from the
- opposition benches, Kaifu explained that the bill was merely
- a device by which Japan could "cooperate with the
- peace-promotion activities sanctioned by a U.N. resolution."
- The corps, he said, would "not use force or the threat of
- force," and he denied that he was trying to circumvent the
- constitution.
-
- The opposition was far from convinced. Takako Doi, leader
- of the Japan Socialist Party, the largest opposition group,
- called the legislation the "greatest threat to the constitution
- since the war." Student organizations staged peace
- demonstrations. Even some members of Kaifu's own party
- suggested that if the legislation failed, the Prime Minister
- and his Cabinet should resign and an election should be called
- as a referendum on the issue. Said Yozo Yokota, a law professor
- at International Christian University: "This is a historic
- turning point in Japanese politics and diplomacy."
-
- Kaifu was forced into the imbroglio by the crisis in the
- Persian Gulf. After 1 1/2 months of indecisive debate, the
- government belatedly offered $4 billion in cash to support the
- frontline states and the multinational forces arrayed against
- Iraq. Yet many Japanese realized that simply handing out money
- was an insufficient gesture at a time when other nations were
- sending soldiers to risk their lives in the Saudi desert. In
- a newspaper interview, former Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone,
- showing his occasional affinity for tasteless similes,
- declared, "If we were to try to settle everything with money,
- we would be viewed like the Merchant of Venice."
-
- Kaifu, himself a dove on the issue, was influenced not only
- by those who felt Japan should take a firmer position in
- support of U.S. foreign policy but also by those who believe
- the country's armed forces should be strengthened for the
- national good. At a time when university graduates can expect
- multiple job offers, recruiting for the military is a serious
- problem. Last March, 59 cadets -- a record number -- in the
- 424-member graduating class of the National Defense Academy
- refused to enter the services after completing their education.
-
- Some experts estimate that the Ground Self-Defense Force,
- as the army is known, is at least 12% below its authorized
- strength of 180,000 because it cannot find enough recruits.
- Even critics of the military show some sympathy. Says Masao
- Kunihiro, a Socialist Diet member who opposes the use of
- Japanese troops abroad: "It's a pity that the S.D.F. has been
- treated so shabbily by the public."
-
- But opposition to the legislation is very strong. The
- controversy currently dominates newspaper columns and
- television news shows. Many Japanese fear that to allow the
- military to operate abroad, even under U.N. auspices, would set
- a dangerous precedent. Says Kunihiro: "Personally, it scares
- me that [the corps] should become a permanent fixture. If the
- `right' to send troops aboard were firmly established, the
- government could later claim legal grounds if it wanted to
- extend operations in some unsavory situation."
-
- Even diplomats who generally favor a more influential role
- for Japan in world affairs are concerned. They are worried that
- the specter of Japanese troops operating outside the country
- might stir resentment abroad, especially in Asia, where the
- memory of Japanese conquest and occupation in World War II has
- yet to fade and resentment of Japanese wealth is widespread.
-
- For the time being, the bill is given only slightly better
- than a 50-50 chance of passage. The L.D.P. has a solid majority
- in the Lower House, but the opposition holds a razor-thin
- advantage in the upper chamber. Kaifu and his colleagues are
- trying to convince doubters that the bill provides safeguards
- against abuse, though politicians are weary and the public is
- skeptical. The choice is difficult. If Japan decides not to
- send troops, it risks being accused by its allies of hiding
- behind the constitution to avoid global responsibilities. If
- it does dispatch soldiers, it could provoke dark visions from
- the past and apprehensions for the future.
-
-
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- JAPAN'S SELF-DEFENSE FORCES
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- Total armed forces 246,600
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- Tanks 1,200
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- Artillery 830
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- Submarines 14
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- Destroyers and frigates 58
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- Combat aircraft 424
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- Armed helicopters 48
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